Amenhotep III or as he was used to be called “Nebma’atre, Amenophis III, and Amana-Hatpa”
was the 9th ruler of ancient Egypt during the 18th dynasty. All of his
names are highly associated with Amun just to satisfy his deity and he
was the son of Tuthmosis IV. During the reign of King Amenhotep III,
Egypt reached an amazing period of prosperity & peace. He has some
great achievement in the culture of Ancient Egypt that is depicted in
the structures that were constructed during his reign and notably, he
strengthened & expanded the borders of Egypt and that is why he is
considered one of the most successful pharaohs of Ancient Egypt.
Amenhotep III has a very interesting reputation as a pharaoh as what
truly distinguishes him from the other Egyptian pharaohs is that he
constructed the most surviving statues, more than any other Egyptian
Pharaoh, which exceed the number of 250 and they provide a series of
portraits covering the whole length of his reign.
Surprisingly, from Syria to Solb in Nubia, more than 200 huge
commemorative stone scarabs have been discovered and that they show the
main accomplishments of the pharaoh, for instance, about 123 among those
scarabs record the lions which the king has killed with his own arrow
and another five, states how the princess of the king “Gilukhepa”,
arrived Egypt with a retinue of 317 women.
Amenhotep III loved his wife Tiya so much and that is why he ordered
his men to construct a great like for her in her town of Djakaru and Je
was also rowed in the royal barge Aten-Tjehen in it. He has been crowned
when he was just a child, between the ages of 6 & 12 years old and
after two years, he married Tiya, who lived 12 years after his death.
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https://www.tripsinegypt.com/pharaoh-amenhotep-iii/
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Eighteenth Dynasty
The
Eighteenth Dynasty of
ancient Egypt (notated
Dynasty XVIII)
[1] (c. 1550–c. 1292
BC) is perhaps the best known of all the
dynasties of ancient Egypt. As well as boasting a number of Egypt's most famous
pharaohs, it included
Tutankhamun, the finding of whose tomb by
Howard Carter in 1922 was a sensational archaeological discovery despite its having been twice disturbed by
tomb robbers. The dynasty is sometimes known as the
Thutmosid Dynasty because of the four pharaohs named
Thutmosis (English:
Thoth bore him).
As well as Tutankhamen, famous pharaohs of Dynasty XVIII include
Hatshepsut (1479 BC–1458 BC), longest-reigning queen-pharaoh of an
indigenous dynasty, and
Akhenaten (1353–1336 BC/1351–1334 BC), the "heretic pharaoh", with his
queen,
Nefertiti.
Dynasty XVIII is often combined with
Dynasties XIX and
XX to form the
New Kingdom period of
ancient Egyptian history.
Dating
Radiocarbon dating
suggests that Dynasty XVIII may have started a few years earlier than
the conventional date of 1550 BC. The radiocarbon date range for its
beginning is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC.
[2]
Dynasty XVIII pharaohs
The
pharaohs
of Dynasty XVIII ruled for approximately two hundred and fifty years
(c. 1550–1298 BC). The dates and names in the table are taken from
Dodson and Hilton.
[3] Many of the pharaohs were buried in the
Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website.
[4] Several diplomatic marriages are known for the
New Kingdom.
These daughters of foreign kings are often only mentioned in cuneiform
texts and are not known from other sources. The marriages were likely a
way to confirm good relations between these states.
[5]
History of ancient Egypt
The
history of Ancient Egypt spans the period from the early
predynastic settlements of the northern
Nile Valley to the
Roman conquest in 30 BC. The Pharaonic Period is dated from around 3200 BC, when
Lower and
Upper Egypt became a unified state, until the country fell under Macedonian rule in 332 BC.
Contents
-
Chronology 1
-
Neolithic Egypt 2
-
Neolithic period 2.1
-
Predynastic period 2.2
-
Dynastic Egypt 3
-
Early dynastic period 3.1
-
Old Kingdom 3.2
-
First Intermediate Period 3.3
-
Middle Kingdom 3.4
-
Second Intermediate Period and the Hyksos 3.5
-
New Kingdom 3.6
-
Eighteenth Dynasty 3.6.1
-
Nineteenth Dynasty 3.6.2
-
Twentieth Dynasty 3.6.3
-
Third Intermediate Period 3.7
-
Late Period 3.8
-
Persian domination 3.9
-
Ptolemaic dynasty 3.10
-
Notes and references 4
-
Further reading 5
-
Pharaonic Egypt 5.1
-
Ptolemaic Egypt 5.2
-
External links 6
Chronology
-
Note
-
For alternative 'revisions' to the chronology of Egypt, see Egyptian chronology.
Egypt's history is split into several different periods according to the ruling
dynasty of each
pharaoh.
The dating of events is still a subject of research. The conservative
dates are not supported by any reliable absolute date for a span of
about three millennia. The following is the list according to
conventional Egyptian chronology.
Neolithic Egypt
Neolithic period
The
Nile has been the lifeline for Egyptian culture since nomadic hunter-gatherers began living along it during the
Pleistocene.
Traces of these early people appear in the form of artifacts and rock
carvings along the terraces of the Nile and in the oases. To the
Egyptians the Nile meant life and the desert meant death, though the
desert did provide them protection from invaders.
Along the Nile, in the 12th millennium BC, a grain-grinding
culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the
culture of
hunters,
fishers, and
gathering people using
stone tools. Evidence also indicates human habitation and cattle herding in the southwestern corner of Egypt, near the
Sudan border, before 8000 BC. But according to Barbara Barich the idea of an independent bovine domestication event in
Africa must be abandoned because subsequent evidence gathered over a period of thirty years has failed to corroborate this.
[1] In light of this the oldest known domesticated bovine remains in Africa are from the Fayum c. 4400 BC.
[2]
Geological evidence and computer climate modeling studies suggest that
natural climate changes around 8000 BC began to desiccate the extensive
pastoral lands of northern Africa, eventually forming the
Sahara (c. 2500 BC).
Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians
to settle around the Nile more permanently and forced them to adopt a
more sedentary lifestyle. However, the period from 9000 to 6000 BC has
left very little in the way of archaeological evidence.
Predynastic period
The Nile Valley of Egypt was basically uninhabitable until the
work of clearing and irrigating the land along the banks of the river
was started.
[3] However it
appears that this clearance and irrigation was largely under way by
about 6000 BC. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already
engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings
in the Nile Valley.
[4] At this time, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings.
Mortar was in use by 4000 BC. The people of the Nile Valley and on delta were self-sufficient and were raising barley and
emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.
[5] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.
[5] The Predynastic Period continues through this time, variously held to begin with the
Naqada culture.
Between 5500 and 3100 BC, during Egypt's Predynastic Period, small settlements flourished along the Nile, whose
delta empties into the
Mediterranean Sea. By 3300 BC, just before the first Egyptian dynasty, Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as
Upper Egypt,
Ta Shemau, to the south, and
Lower Egypt,
Ta Mehu, to the north.
[6] The dividing line was drawn roughly in the area of modern
Cairo.
The Tasian culture was the next to appear in Upper Egypt. This
group is named for the burials found at Der Tasa, a site on the east
bank of the Nile between
Asyut and
Akhmim.
The Tasian culture group is notable for producing the earliest
blacktop-ware, a type of red and brown pottery painted black on its top
and interior.
[7]
The Badarian Culture, named for the
Badari
site near Der Tasa, followed the Tasian culture, however similarities
between the two have led many to avoid differentiating between them at
all. The Badarian Culture continued to produce the kind of pottery
called Blacktop-ware (although its quality was much improved over
previous specimens), and was assigned the Sequence Dating numbers
between 21 and 29.
[8]
The significant difference, however, between the Tasian and Badarian
culture groups, which prevents scholars from completely merging the two,
is that Badarian sites use copper in addition to stone, and thus are
chalcolithic settlements, while the Tasian sites are still
Neolithic, and are considered technically part of the
Stone Age.
[8]
The
Amratian culture is named after the site of
el-Amra, about 120 km south of
Badari.
El-Amra was the first site where this culture group was found unmingled
with the later Gerzean culture group. However, this period is better
attested at the Naqada site, and so is also referred to as the Naqada I
culture.
[9]
Black-topped ware continued to be produced, but white cross-line ware, a
type of pottery decorated with close parallel white lines crossed by
another set of close parallel white lines, began to be produced during
this time. The Amratian period falls between S.D. 30 and 39 in Petrie's
Sequence Dating system.
[10]
Trade between Upper and Lower Egypt was attested at this time, as newly
excavated objects indicate. A stone vase from the north was found at
el-Amra, and copper, which is not present in Egypt, was apparently
imported from the Sinai, or perhaps from Nubia.
Obsidian[11] and an extremely small amount of
gold[10] were both definitively imported from Nubia during this time. Trade with the oases was also likely.
[11]
The Gerzean Culture, named after the site of Gerza, was the next
stage in Egyptian cultural development, and it was during this time that
the foundation for Dynastic Egypt was laid. Gerzean culture was largely
an unbroken development out of Amratian Culture, starting in the delta
and moving south through upper Egypt; however, it failed to dislodge
Amratian Culture in Nubia.
[12] Gerzean culture coincided with a significant drop in rainfall,
[12] and farming produced the vast majority of food.
[12]
With increased food supplies, the populace adopted a much more
sedentary lifestyle, and the larger settlements grew to cities of about
5,000 residents.
[12] It was in this time that the city dwellers started using mud brick to build their cities.
[12] Copper instead of stone was increasingly used to make tools
[12] and weaponry.
[13] Silver, gold, lapis, and faience were used ornamentally,
[14] and the grinding palettes used for eye-paint since the Badarian period began to be adorned with relief carvings.
[13]
Early Dynasty XVIII
Dynasty XVIII was founded by
Ahmose I the brother or son of
Kamose, the last ruler of the
Dynasty XVII. Ahmose finished the campaign to expel the
Hyksos
rulers.His reign is seen as the end of the Second Intermediate Period
and the start of New Kingdom. Ahmose was succeeded by his son,
Amenhotep I whose reign was relatively uneventful.
[6]
Amenhotep I probably left no male heir and the next Pharaoh,
Thutmose I,
seems to have been related to the royal family through marriage. During
his reign the borders of Egypt's empire reached their greatest expanse,
extending in the north to
Carchemish on the
Euphrates and up to Kurgus beyond the fourth
cataract in the south. Thutmose I was succeeded by
Thutmose II and his queen,
Hatshepsut.
She was the daughter of Thutmose I and soon after her husband's death,
ruled for over twenty years after becoming pharaoh during the minority
of her stepson, who later would become pharaoh as Thutmose III.
Thutmose III
who later became known as the greatest military pharaoh ever, also had a
lengthy reign after becoming pharaoh. He had a second co-regency in his
old age with his son
Amenhotep II. Amenhotep II was succeeded by
Thutmose IV, who in his turn was followed by his son
Amenhotep III. The reign of
Amenhotep III
is seen as a high point in this dynasty. Amenhotep III undertook large
scale building programmes, the extent of which can only be compared with
those of the much longer reign of
Ramesses II during Dynasty XIX.
[7]
Akhenaten, the Amarna Period and Tutankhamun
Amenhotep III may have shared the throne for up to 12 years with his son
Amenhotep IV, who would change his name to
Akhenaten.
There is much debate about this proposed co-regency. Some experts
believe there was a lengthy co-regency, while others prefer to see a
short one. There are also many experts who believe no such co-regency
existed at all.
In the fifth year of his reign
Amenhotep IV changed his name to
Akhenaten and moved his capital to
Amarna. During the reign of
Akhenaten the
Aten—the sundisk—first became the most prominent deity, and eventually the
Aten was considered the only god.
[8]
Whether this amounted to true monotheism continues to be the subject of
debate within the academic community. Some state that Akhenaten created
a monotheism while others point out that he merely suppressed a
dominant solar cult by the assertion of another, while he never
completely abandoned several other traditional deities.
Later
Egyptians considered the so-called
Amarna Period an unfortunate aberration. The events following Akhenaten's death are unclear. Individuals named
Smenkhare and
Neferneferuaten are known but their relative placement and role in history is still much debated.
Tutankhamun eventually took the throne and died young.
[9]
Ay and Horemheb
The last two members of the eighteenth dynasty—
Ay and
Horemheb—became
rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal court, although Ay may
have married the widow of Tutankhamun in order to obtain power and she
did not live long afterward. Ay's reign was short. His successor was
Horemheb, a general during the reign of Tutankhamun whom the childless
pharaoh may have intended as his successor.
[9]
Horemheb may have taken the throne away from Ay in a coup. He was
impotent and thus also died childless and appointed his successor,
Ramesses I, who ascended the throne in 1292 BC and was the first pharaoh of the
Nineteenth Dynasty.
Dynasty XVIII timeline
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from: -1550 till: -1525 color:PA text:"Ahmose I (1550–1525 BC)"
from: -1525 till: -1504 color:PA text:"Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC)"
from: -1504 till: -1492 color:PA text:"Thutmose I (1504–1492 BC)"
from: -1492 till: -1479 color:PA text:"Thutmose II (1492–1479 BC)"
from: -1479 till: -1457 color:PA text:"Hatshepsut (1479–1457 BC)"
from: -1479 till: -1425 color:PA text:"Thutmose III (1479–1425 BC)"
from: -1427 till: -1401 color:PA text:"Amenhotep II" (1427–1401 BC)
from: -1401 till: -1391 color:PA text:"Thutmose IV" (1401–1391 BC)
from: -1391 till: -1353 color:PA text:"Amenhotep III" (1391–1353 BC)
from: -1391 till: -1353 color:PA text:"Tiye" (?–1338 BC)
from: -1353 till: -1335 color:PA text:"Akhenaten" (1353–1335 BC)
from: -1336 till: -1335 color:PA text:"Smenkhkare ?" (1336–1335 BC?)
from: -1335 till: -1333 color:PA text:"Neferneferuaten?" (1335–1333 BC?}
from: -1333 till: -1323 color:PA text:"Tutankhamun (1333–1323 BC)"
from: -1323 till: -1319 color:PA text:"Ay (1323–1319 BC)"
from: -1319 till: -1292 color:PA text:"Horemheb (1319–1292 BC)"
barset:skip
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http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/History_of_ancient_Egypt
http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/Eighteenth_Dynasty
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