Amenhotep III or as he was used to be called “Nebma’atre, Amenophis III, and Amana-Hatpa” was the 9th ruler of ancient Egypt during the 18th dynasty. All of his names are highly associated with Amun just to satisfy his deity and he was the son of Tuthmosis IV. During the reign of King Amenhotep III, Egypt reached an amazing period of prosperity & peace. He has some great achievement in the culture of Ancient Egypt that is depicted in the structures that were constructed during his reign and notably, he strengthened & expanded the borders of Egypt and that is why he is considered one of the most successful pharaohs of Ancient Egypt.
Amenhotep III has a very interesting reputation as a pharaoh as what truly distinguishes him from the other Egyptian pharaohs is that he constructed the most surviving statues, more than any other Egyptian Pharaoh, which exceed the number of 250 and they provide a series of portraits covering the whole length of his reign.
Surprisingly, from Syria to Solb in Nubia, more than 200 huge commemorative stone scarabs have been discovered and that they show the main accomplishments of the pharaoh, for instance, about 123 among those scarabs record the lions which the king has killed with his own arrow and another five, states how the princess of the king “Gilukhepa”, arrived Egypt with a retinue of 317 women.
Amenhotep III loved his wife Tiya so much and that is why he ordered his men to construct a great like for her in her town of Djakaru and Je was also rowed in the royal barge Aten-Tjehen in it. He has been crowned when he was just a child, between the ages of 6 & 12 years old and after two years, he married Tiya, who lived 12 years after his death.
//////////////////////////
https://www.tripsinegypt.com/pharaoh-amenhotep-iii/
////////////////////////////////
Eighteenth Dynasty
|
Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
Old Kingdom
New Kingdom
|
|---|
As well as Tutankhamen, famous pharaohs of Dynasty XVIII include Hatshepsut (1479 BC–1458 BC), longest-reigning queen-pharaoh of an indigenous dynasty, and Akhenaten (1353–1336 BC/1351–1334 BC), the "heretic pharaoh", with his queen, Nefertiti.
Dynasty XVIII is often combined with Dynasties XIX and XX to form the New Kingdom period of ancient Egyptian history.
Contents
Dating
Radiocarbon dating suggests that Dynasty XVIII may have started a few years earlier than the conventional date of 1550 BC. The radiocarbon date range for its beginning is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC.[2]Dynasty XVIII pharaohs
The pharaohs of Dynasty XVIII ruled for approximately two hundred and fifty years (c. 1550–1298 BC). The dates and names in the table are taken from Dodson and Hilton.[3] Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website.[4] Several diplomatic marriages are known for the New Kingdom. These daughters of foreign kings are often only mentioned in cuneiform texts and are not known from other sources. The marriages were likely a way to confirm good relations between these states.[5]| Pharaoh | Horus-name | Reign (BC) | Burial | Consort(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmose I | Nebpehtire | 1549–1524 BC | Ahmose-Nefertari Ahmose-Henuttamehu Ahmose-Sitkamose | |
| Amenhotep I | Djeserkare | 1524–1503 BC | KV39? | Ahmose-Meritamon |
| Thutmose I | Akheperkare | 1503–1493 BC | KV20, KV38 | Ahmose Mutnofret |
| Thutmose II | Akheperenre | 1493–1479 BC | KV42? | Hatshepsut Isis |
| Hatshepsut | Maatkare | 1479–1458 BC | KV20 | Thutmose II |
| Thutmose III | Menkheper(en)re | 1479–1424 BC | KV34 | Satiah Merytre-Hatshepsut Nebtu Menhet, Menwi and Merti |
| Amenhotep II | Akheperure | 1424–1398 BC | KV35 | Tiaa |
| Thutmose IV | Menkheperure | 1398–1388 BC | KV43 | Nefertari Iaret Mutemwiya Daughter of Artatama I of Mitanni |
| Amenhotep III | Nebmaatre | 1388–1350 BC | KV22 | Tiye Gilukhipa of Mitanni Tadukhipa of Mitanni Sitamun Iset Daughter of Kurigalzu I of Babylon.[5] Daughter of Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon.[5] Daughter of Tarhundaradu of Arzawa.[5] Daughter of the ruler of Ammia[5] |
| Akhenaten | Neferkepherure-Waenre | 1351–1334 BC | Royal Tomb of Akhenaten | Nefertiti Kiya Tadukhipa of Mitanni Daughter of Šatiya, ruler of Enišasi[5] meritaten? meketaten? Ankhesenamun Daughter of Burna-Buriash II, King of Babylon[5] |
| Smenkhkare | Ankhkheperure | 1335–1334 BC | meritaten | |
| Neferneferuaten | Ankhkheperure | 1334–1332 BC | Nefertiti? Akhenaten? | |
| Tutankhamun | Nebkheperure | 1332–1323 BC | KV62 | Ankhesenamun |
| Ay | Kheperkheperure | 1323–1319 BC | KV23 | Ankhesenamun Tey |
| Horemheb | Djeserkheperure-Setepenre | 1319–1292 BC | KV57 | Mutnedjmet Amenia |
History of ancient Egypt
|
Part of a series on the
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Egypt | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
| Egypt portal | ||||||||||||||||||||
Contents
- Chronology 1
-
Neolithic Egypt 2
- Neolithic period 2.1
- Predynastic period 2.2
-
Dynastic Egypt 3
- Early dynastic period 3.1
- Old Kingdom 3.2
- First Intermediate Period 3.3
- Middle Kingdom 3.4
- Second Intermediate Period and the Hyksos 3.5
-
New Kingdom 3.6
- Eighteenth Dynasty 3.6.1
- Nineteenth Dynasty 3.6.2
- Twentieth Dynasty 3.6.3
- Third Intermediate Period 3.7
- Late Period 3.8
- Persian domination 3.9
- Ptolemaic dynasty 3.10
- Notes and references 4
-
Further reading 5
- Pharaonic Egypt 5.1
- Ptolemaic Egypt 5.2
- External links 6
Chronology
- Note
- For alternative 'revisions' to the chronology of Egypt, see Egyptian chronology.
- Predynastic Period (Prior to 3100 BC)
- Protodynastic Period (Approximately 3100–3000 BC)
- Early Dynastic Period (1st–2nd Dynasties)
- Old Kingdom (3rd–6th Dynasties)
- First Intermediate Period (7th–11th Dynasties)
- Middle Kingdom (12th–13th Dynasties)
- Second Intermediate Period (14th–17th Dynasties)
- New Kingdom (18th–20th Dynasties)
- Third Intermediate Period (21st–25th Dynasties) (also known as the Libyan Period)
- Late Period (26th–31st Dynasties)
Neolithic Egypt
Neolithic period
Along the Nile, in the 12th millennium BC, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the culture of hunters, fishers, and gathering people using stone tools. Evidence also indicates human habitation and cattle herding in the southwestern corner of Egypt, near the Sudan border, before 8000 BC. But according to Barbara Barich the idea of an independent bovine domestication event in Africa must be abandoned because subsequent evidence gathered over a period of thirty years has failed to corroborate this.[1] In light of this the oldest known domesticated bovine remains in Africa are from the Fayum c. 4400 BC.[2] Geological evidence and computer climate modeling studies suggest that natural climate changes around 8000 BC began to desiccate the extensive pastoral lands of northern Africa, eventually forming the Sahara (c. 2500 BC).
Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians to settle around the Nile more permanently and forced them to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. However, the period from 9000 to 6000 BC has left very little in the way of archaeological evidence.
Predynastic period
The Nile Valley of Egypt was basically uninhabitable until the work of clearing and irrigating the land along the banks of the river was started.[3] However it appears that this clearance and irrigation was largely under way by about 6000 BC. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings in the Nile Valley.[4] At this time, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar was in use by 4000 BC. The people of the Nile Valley and on delta were self-sufficient and were raising barley and emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[5] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[5] The Predynastic Period continues through this time, variously held to begin with the Naqada culture.Between 5500 and 3100 BC, during Egypt's Predynastic Period, small settlements flourished along the Nile, whose delta empties into the Mediterranean Sea. By 3300 BC, just before the first Egyptian dynasty, Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper Egypt, Ta Shemau, to the south, and Lower Egypt, Ta Mehu, to the north.[6] The dividing line was drawn roughly in the area of modern Cairo.
The Tasian culture was the next to appear in Upper Egypt. This group is named for the burials found at Der Tasa, a site on the east bank of the Nile between Asyut and Akhmim. The Tasian culture group is notable for producing the earliest blacktop-ware, a type of red and brown pottery painted black on its top and interior.[7]
The Badarian Culture, named for the Badari site near Der Tasa, followed the Tasian culture, however similarities between the two have led many to avoid differentiating between them at all. The Badarian Culture continued to produce the kind of pottery called Blacktop-ware (although its quality was much improved over previous specimens), and was assigned the Sequence Dating numbers between 21 and 29.[8] The significant difference, however, between the Tasian and Badarian culture groups, which prevents scholars from completely merging the two, is that Badarian sites use copper in addition to stone, and thus are chalcolithic settlements, while the Tasian sites are still Neolithic, and are considered technically part of the Stone Age.[8]
The Amratian culture is named after the site of el-Amra, about 120 km south of Badari. El-Amra was the first site where this culture group was found unmingled with the later Gerzean culture group. However, this period is better attested at the Naqada site, and so is also referred to as the Naqada I culture.[9] Black-topped ware continued to be produced, but white cross-line ware, a type of pottery decorated with close parallel white lines crossed by another set of close parallel white lines, began to be produced during this time. The Amratian period falls between S.D. 30 and 39 in Petrie's Sequence Dating system.[10] Trade between Upper and Lower Egypt was attested at this time, as newly excavated objects indicate. A stone vase from the north was found at el-Amra, and copper, which is not present in Egypt, was apparently imported from the Sinai, or perhaps from Nubia. Obsidian[11] and an extremely small amount of gold[10] were both definitively imported from Nubia during this time. Trade with the oases was also likely.[11]
The Gerzean Culture, named after the site of Gerza, was the next stage in Egyptian cultural development, and it was during this time that the foundation for Dynastic Egypt was laid. Gerzean culture was largely an unbroken development out of Amratian Culture, starting in the delta and moving south through upper Egypt; however, it failed to dislodge Amratian Culture in Nubia.[12] Gerzean culture coincided with a significant drop in rainfall,[12] and farming produced the vast majority of food.[12] With increased food supplies, the populace adopted a much more sedentary lifestyle, and the larger settlements grew to cities of about 5,000 residents.[12] It was in this time that the city dwellers started using mud brick to build their cities.[12] Copper instead of stone was increasingly used to make tools[12] and weaponry.[13] Silver, gold, lapis, and faience were used ornamentally,[14] and the grinding palettes used for eye-paint since the Badarian period began to be adorned with relief carvings.[13]
Early Dynasty XVIII
Dynasty XVIII was founded by Ahmose I the brother or son of Kamose, the last ruler of the Dynasty XVII. Ahmose finished the campaign to expel the Hyksos rulers.His reign is seen as the end of the Second Intermediate Period and the start of New Kingdom. Ahmose was succeeded by his son, Amenhotep I whose reign was relatively uneventful.[6]Amenhotep I probably left no male heir and the next Pharaoh, Thutmose I, seems to have been related to the royal family through marriage. During his reign the borders of Egypt's empire reached their greatest expanse, extending in the north to Carchemish on the Euphrates and up to Kurgus beyond the fourth cataract in the south. Thutmose I was succeeded by Thutmose II and his queen, Hatshepsut. She was the daughter of Thutmose I and soon after her husband's death, ruled for over twenty years after becoming pharaoh during the minority of her stepson, who later would become pharaoh as Thutmose III.
Thutmose III who later became known as the greatest military pharaoh ever, also had a lengthy reign after becoming pharaoh. He had a second co-regency in his old age with his son Amenhotep II. Amenhotep II was succeeded by Thutmose IV, who in his turn was followed by his son Amenhotep III. The reign of Amenhotep III is seen as a high point in this dynasty. Amenhotep III undertook large scale building programmes, the extent of which can only be compared with those of the much longer reign of Ramesses II during Dynasty XIX.[7]
Akhenaten, the Amarna Period and Tutankhamun
Amenhotep III may have shared the throne for up to 12 years with his son Amenhotep IV, who would change his name to Akhenaten. There is much debate about this proposed co-regency. Some experts believe there was a lengthy co-regency, while others prefer to see a short one. There are also many experts who believe no such co-regency existed at all.In the fifth year of his reign Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten and moved his capital to Amarna. During the reign of Akhenaten the Aten—the sundisk—first became the most prominent deity, and eventually the Aten was considered the only god.[8] Whether this amounted to true monotheism continues to be the subject of debate within the academic community. Some state that Akhenaten created a monotheism while others point out that he merely suppressed a dominant solar cult by the assertion of another, while he never completely abandoned several other traditional deities.
Later Egyptians considered the so-called Amarna Period an unfortunate aberration. The events following Akhenaten's death are unclear. Individuals named Smenkhare and Neferneferuaten are known but their relative placement and role in history is still much debated. Tutankhamun eventually took the throne and died young.[9]
Ay and Horemheb
The last two members of the eighteenth dynasty—Ay and Horemheb—became rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal court, although Ay may have married the widow of Tutankhamun in order to obtain power and she did not live long afterward. Ay's reign was short. His successor was Horemheb, a general during the reign of Tutankhamun whom the childless pharaoh may have intended as his successor.[9] Horemheb may have taken the throne away from Ay in a coup. He was impotent and thus also died childless and appointed his successor, Ramesses I, who ascended the throne in 1292 BC and was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty.Dynasty XVIII timeline
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:130 left:20 AlignBars = justifyDateFormat = yyyy Period = from:-1560 till:-1290 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:-1560 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:25 start:-1560
Colors =
id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97) id:PA value:green id:GP value:red id:eon value:rgb(1,0.7,1) # light purpleBackgroundcolors = canvas:canvas
BarData =
barset:RulersPlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:Rulers
from: -1550 till: -1525 color:PA text:"Ahmose I (1550–1525 BC)" from: -1525 till: -1504 color:PA text:"Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC)" from: -1504 till: -1492 color:PA text:"Thutmose I (1504–1492 BC)" from: -1492 till: -1479 color:PA text:"Thutmose II (1492–1479 BC)" from: -1479 till: -1457 color:PA text:"Hatshepsut (1479–1457 BC)" from: -1479 till: -1425 color:PA text:"Thutmose III (1479–1425 BC)" from: -1427 till: -1401 color:PA text:"Amenhotep II" (1427–1401 BC) from: -1401 till: -1391 color:PA text:"Thutmose IV" (1401–1391 BC) from: -1391 till: -1353 color:PA text:"Amenhotep III" (1391–1353 BC) from: -1391 till: -1353 color:PA text:"Tiye" (?–1338 BC) from: -1353 till: -1335 color:PA text:"Akhenaten" (1353–1335 BC) from: -1336 till: -1335 color:PA text:"Smenkhkare ?" (1336–1335 BC?) from: -1335 till: -1333 color:PA text:"Neferneferuaten?" (1335–1333 BC?} from: -1333 till: -1323 color:PA text:"Tutankhamun (1333–1323 BC)" from: -1323 till: -1319 color:PA text:"Ay (1323–1319 BC)" from: -1319 till: -1292 color:PA text:"Horemheb (1319–1292 BC)"
barset:skip
///////////////////////////////
http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/History_of_ancient_Egypt
http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/Eighteenth_Dynasty
//////////////////////////////////
No comments:
Post a Comment