CEBUANO ARE VISHAYANS
SRI VISHAYANS INCLUDES PEOPLE IN PALAWAN SULU AND MALAYSIA
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CHINESE BOATS CALLED CHINESE JUNKS SAILED TO JUNKERA CEBU IN ANCIENT TIMES BRINGING CHINESE GOOD IN EXCHANGE FOR GOLD FROM CEBU////////////////////////////////
The Sri Vishayan Empire By Jed Pensar Who are the Visayans and where do they come from? Before 500 AD, there are no known archaeological findings of native Southeast Asian Malay inscriptions. Thus, we have to rely on Chinese documents about Southeast Asia. Their records tell of five Southeast Asian states sending trade missions to South China between 430 to 473 AD. After that, the one known by its Chinese toponym Kan-t'o-li prevailed over its neighbors. Historian O.W. Wolters believes that this state was established near Palembang, Sumatra in the second century. Trade stopped during the 500's due to civil strife in China, and Kantoli was never heard of again. Inscriptions in Old Malay appear after 500 AD, notably in Sumatra, Banka Island, Java and the Malay Peninsula. Eight states emerged to resume trade with South China starting 608 AD but by 670 only one remained, Shih-li-fo-shih. Artifacts dated 775 AD from the Ligor isthmus of the Malay Peninsula, as examined by Southeast Asian history pioneer George Coedus, determined that the state known to the Chinese as Shihlifoshih was the same as Sri Vishaya. Sri is an Indian honorific placed before the name of people and places. One familiar example of this usage is on the island of Lanka. Thus, the common name of Sri Vishaya was probably just Vishaya. Now, consider that most Philippine languages do not have the 'v' and 'sh' sounds. These are pronounced as 'b' and 's' respectively. To some, Vishaya might have been known as Bisaya. Like the Kantoli, Sri Vishaya warred on neighboring states. It was also based in Palembang. It is possible then that this state, which was known to the Arabs as Zapage, was the same entity as the Kantoli. Sri Vishaya ruled from the Malay Peninsula up to perhaps Western Java at its peak. It had diplomats, traders, sailors, an international seaport, and, according to its own inscriptions, an army of 20,000. As middlemen, they monopolized the highly lucrative Persian trade. Javanese records tell of raids against Sri Vishaya in 992 AD while the Tamils claim to have sacked Palembang in 1025. The death blow probably came when the Chinese manned their trading ships themselves, doing away with Vishaya middlemen. Chinese monk I Tsing noted during his travels from 671-695 AD that Sri Vishaya practiced Mahayana Buddhism. If there is a direct link between the Sri Vishaya and the Bisaya of the Philippines, why does the latter show no traces of the Buddhist faith? Only the Vishaya aristocracy adhered to Mahayana. In spite of Mahayana's headstart, it was Hinayana that had greater success in the Southeast Asian mainland. The rest of Vishaya, probably ninety percent, remained animists. This explains the unencumbered spread of Islam later on. The migration of Visayans from the Malay Archipelago to Visayas in the Philippines must have consisted of animists. Another author, Kenneth Scott Latourette, notes that the Vishaya established trading outposts in Taiwan. It makes it easy to suppose then that some of them migrated to the Philippines and settled in what is now the Visayas. So where was their first settlement? Probably in Cebu. Possibly not Bohol because some native arts there resemble the Bukidnon's in Mindanao. Negros likewise had sizable remnants of the Bukidnons until recently. Panay has a large population of Karay-as and Aklanons who may antedate the Visayans. Among its neighbors, Cebu seems to have had a Visayan identity for the longest time. Three major ethnic groups call themselves Bisaya and their language Binisaya. They are the Ilongo, Cebuano and Waray. No matter that they speak three separate languages and have three distinct identities, still they are collectively known as Bisaya.Cebuano may be the purest form of Binisaya. Ilongo root words are mostly Cebuano, with a significant admixture of Tagalog.
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ruldiar ref : https://aboutphilippines.org/files/The-Sri-Vishayan-Empire.pdf
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